Guide on Business Studies Essay Writing Write Extensively and Neatly

Guide on Business Studies Essay Writing Write Extensively and Neatly Business matters is a central pillar of today’s globalized society a person has to solve various issues and make decisions. With the economic progress, the importance of knowledge on Business has become much more crucial in relation to the past era. This is a digital era, and the presence of top 10 richest companies in the world in 2018 means that people are interested in studying Business from all angles. Business Studies is a subject that involves knowledge from different fields like Sociology, Political Science, Psychology, Mathematics, Statistics, and Law. Sounds difficult to get a grasp on all these aspects in a written form? This article is designed to improve your Business Studies essay writing skills immensely. In what way? You just read all the information given here, then you’ll know all ins and outs of Business Studies essay writing. The List of 10 Business Topics from Our Business Studies Experts To be excellent in essay writing on Business, you should be aware of topics that will guarantee you success. How to choose effective business topics? It’s a childs play. What does every child choose to play with? Anything that interests you. Within Business Studies, there is a variety of topics you can write an essay on. Find anything that is interesting to you personally. Even if you are more interested in a topic than the others (for example, your professor), it isn’t the worst way of starting to protect your interests as a potential researcher. Moreover, you will be able to reveal your own potential more if a topic is an area of your interest than you’ll try to work on a particular topic chosen by your instructor’s restriction. Anything that leads to significant discoveries. If your efforts to write a good business essay don’t pay any dividends, will you be totally satisfied? Moreover, neither you or your educator wouldn’t be glad to achieve the common results that got by someone from another university previously. You should explore a business topic that will cross new boundaries in the area. Going to work on the topic, ‘The Amount of Apple’s Business: Its Long-Term or Short-Term Evaluation’? Think twice whether you will be able to open new findings as the most are written about the success of this really outstanding company. Anything that is insightful. As every researcher needs to establish himself/herself as a scientist of great insight and creativity, you should stick to the same strategy give insight into your Business topic area on a full scale. Show in your Business essay writing that you understand a topic is really like. For that reason, you need to distinguish between broad and narrow essay topics. Compare the following topics: ‘Business in the 21st Century’ and ‘The Features of Business Development in the 21st Century: Its Weaknesses at Every Stage’. Find a general topic? So, don’t forget to include the information that will make your essay topic more specific and provide you with a clue of what and how to write. For a field like business, the following 10 essay topics correspond to the criteria and even more. Just look at them, and choose anything new, interesting and educational for yourself. The Value on Leadership or Other Qualitative Aspects of a Business Company; 10 Remedies for the Breach of Contract: How Are They Effective for Business Today; Global Economic Activities: Their Impact on Running a Small and Large Business Company; Top 12 Business Models Existing Today: The Perspectives of Their Further Usage; 7 Individual’s Actions Applied to Business Ethics and Unethical Business Practices; Business Policy Makers: Who Works in the Field of Business Management and Entrepreneurship; Strategic Decisions in a Fast-Growing and Networked World: Determinants and Effects; What Should Every Entrepreneur Know about a Startup Algorithm?; The Sources of Motivation Among Business Workers: Material Support or Words of Encouragement; The Nature of Business Competition: What Makes Customers Decide? The Detailed Business Essay Writing Guide Based on the ‘Empire-Building’ Dealing with Business Studies, you can’t go without such a concept as ‘empire-building’. According to Investopedia, it is an attempt to increase the individual’s or corporations power and influence. Let’s imagine you are an ‘empire builder’ of your business essay you’ll intend to grow your business essay’s power. What should you do in such a responsible role? Firstly, you’d better divide the whole writing process into segments pre-writing, writing, and post-writing. Secondly, you should take into consideration all our business studies essay tips at each writing stage. Thirdly, you can make practice your essay writing by trying to write as many essays as possible according to business essays written by our professionals. 3 Pre-Writing Tips Being at the prewriting stage, you come up with some ideas for an essay before you begin writing. You will find it easier to write a business studies essay if you: Brainstorm. This word literally contains 2 words ‘brain’ and ‘storm’. It means that you need to cause a storm for your brain. Get all your thoughts and ideas out of your head. Sometimes, you can be at loss of giving fresh ideas. Therefore, it is no shame if you address someone’s works to develop your own brilliant ideas by adding a few details. Freewrite. Now, it’s time to get all your thoughts out on paper in full. Freewriting is similar to brainstorming, but you expand all the points with the help of new details. Writing complete sentences doesn’t mean to pay too much attention to grammar, punctuation, and the like everything that can distract your concentration should be far from your mind while freewriting. Use mind mapping. There is such a useful technique for extremely visual learners. According to the Forbes’ article, there are some variations in the speed and manner of how people learn new information. But we all obtain more information through our eyes than in any other way. A mind mapping diagram has a central word in a circle, with all associated words around. 4 Writing Tips for Business Studies Essay Now that you have chosen a business topic and gathered the essay ideas, you must start writing it. Keep in mind that college/university essays are more formulaic than you might think. In fact, it can be as simple as twice two makes four only if you follow all our tips. Create a thesis statement. What is the point of your business essay? Look at your outline or diagram and answer this question. Include a topic and point of an essay in a thesis statement. For example, if you were writing about the leadership styles and their impact on business performance, an appropriate thesis statement would be, â€Å"The leadership styles affect the business performance either positively or negatively according to the individual strategic vision.† Write a body of an essay. The main part of your essay is aimed at analyzing, arguing, explaining or describing your topic depending on the type of essay you write. Develop an introduction. When the thesis and body of your essay are written, it is much easier to write an introduction as you need to show the focus of the whole essay in several sentences. Write the information that ties in with your thesis statement, which will be included as the last sentence of your introduction. Conclude your essay logically. Eventually, you’ve come to the closure of your essay topic. Sum up the ideas mentioned in the business essay in 4-5 strong sentences without presenting any new information. In this way, you are supposed to reinforce your thesis statement with the help of essential conclusions. 2 Post-Writing Tips Polish your written essay. Remember that good essay writing does not happen by accident. Even if you are an experienced author of many pieces of writing, you are recommended to look through your business essay again and again. You should be 100% sure that it is worth to be submitted. What to pay attention to? Fix a format of essay writing. In your initial essay instructions, every educator states in what format is required to write APA, MLA, Harvard, etc. Your task is to edit your business essay by taking into consideration some stylistic peculiarities. The differences start appearing at the beginning when you need to deal with a title page, then a bibliography page and so on. Moreover, the correct citing sources of information in the body of your essay is a very important aspect of academic writing. Therefore, you defend yourself against allegations of plagiarism. Besides, there are some academic formatting conventions so that every reader can identify the materials that lead to some particular conclusions. If you find this article useful for your own business essay writing, our professional team is glad. If you feel uncertain about some points, it will be better to apply our essay writing service. Our skilled writers will be happy to help you.

Free Essays on Smoking And Anxiety Disorders

The prevalence of smoking generally is higher for women with anxiety disorders, bulimia, depression, attention deficit disorder, and alcoholism; it is particularly high among patients with diagnosed schizophrenia. The connection between smoking and these disorders requires additional research. cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_forwomen/factsheet_consequences.htm#Other%20Conditions This page last reviewed September 11, 2003 United States Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: levels and consequences. Margolese HC, Malchy L, Negrete JC, Tempier R, Gill K. Addictions Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses frequently use, abuse and become dependent on psychoactive substances. Local surveys indicate differences in both types and patterns of substances used. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to document abuse in 207 successive outpatients presenting to a psychiatric continuing care facility in a large Canadian city. Nicotine, alcohol and cannabis were the most frequently abused substances in the cohort. Excluding nicotine, 44.9% met criteria for lifetime and 14.0% for current abuse/dependence. Cocaine, heroin, hallucinogen, amphetamine, and inhalant use were rarely reported. Patients with current substance abuse/dependence and a psychotic disorder (dual diagnosis, DD) had significantly higher Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) positive scores than lifetime-DD or those with a single diagnosis (SD). Significantly more current-DD (69.0%) patients were depressed (HAM-D score > or =12) compared to SD (45.6%). Furthermore, current -DD (27.6%) patients were more likely than SD (4.5%) to be medication non-compliant. Patients... Free Essays on Smoking And Anxiety Disorders Free Essays on Smoking And Anxiety Disorders The prevalence of smoking generally is higher for women with anxiety disorders, bulimia, depression, attention deficit disorder, and alcoholism; it is particularly high among patients with diagnosed schizophrenia. The connection between smoking and these disorders requires additional research. cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_forwomen/factsheet_consequences.htm#Other%20Conditions This page last reviewed September 11, 2003 United States Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: levels and consequences. Margolese HC, Malchy L, Negrete JC, Tempier R, Gill K. Addictions Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses frequently use, abuse and become dependent on psychoactive substances. Local surveys indicate differences in both types and patterns of substances used. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to document abuse in 207 successive outpatients presenting to a psychiatric continuing care facility in a large Canadian city. Nicotine, alcohol and cannabis were the most frequently abused substances in the cohort. Excluding nicotine, 44.9% met criteria for lifetime and 14.0% for current abuse/dependence. Cocaine, heroin, hallucinogen, amphetamine, and inhalant use were rarely reported. Patients with current substance abuse/dependence and a psychotic disorder (dual diagnosis, DD) had significantly higher Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) positive scores than lifetime-DD or those with a single diagnosis (SD). Significantly more current-DD (69.0%) patients were depressed (HAM-D score > or =12) compared to SD (45.6%). Furthermore, current -DD (27.6%) patients were more likely than SD (4.5%) to be medication non-compliant. Patients...

Benifits and problems of the industrial revolution Essay

Benifits and problems of the industrial revolution - Essay Example The rest of this essay will present the pros and cons of this important event as well as briefly explaining why industrial reform came slowly from 1815-1914. Factories that produce goods on a massive scale are the most prominent symbols of the industrial revolution. Such a radical transformation was allowed to happen because it suited the interests of the aristocracy and nobility of the time. The ruling elite of England were also the owners of most the country’s wealth and it suited their interest to perpetuate a method that maintained status quo. This meant that the prevailing inequities in distribution of wealth accentuated further as the industrial revolution marched on. Some intellectuals have cited this as the major problem with the capitalist model and have hence condemned the revolution as socially unjust. The other criticism that is leveled against large-scale industries is their tendency to accelerate the process of urbanization and ultimately contribute to pollution and squalor. For example, the issues of overpopulation, petty crime, prostitution and pollution in the industrial city of Manchester are well documented by K ishlansky and other scholars. While the unsavory aspects of the industrial revolution are real and valid, it has also brought about positive changes to people. As the scale of production of goods increased under the capitalist model, people from all sections of society were able to enjoy consumption of products that were previously considered an luxury for the few. Coming back to the city of Manchester, the numerous cotton mills set up there produced sufficient goods to supply to the local markets and also export the surplus to other countries. The other benefit brought on by the industrial revolution is the overall efficiency of the production process. Terms such as efficiency and quality were given emphasis, the benefits of which are transferred to the end consumer. And finally, there is an interesting reason

Foreign Direct Investment in India and Indonesia Assignment

Foreign Direct Investment in India and Indonesia - Assignment Example   All the same, this attracted the attention of Global bond investors willing to evaluate and venture in either or both of countries’ economies (a favor that both needs); however, currently, most of the investors refrain from doing any investments with Indonesia and opt for India due to its constant growth. There are different perspectives of foreign direct investment across different countries around the world, depending on how much they contribute to the international economy and the various markets. India and Indonesia have developed over the years, generally Asia as a whole, but since challenges began affecting their economy, countries in other parts of the globe are keen on the investments they make. Currently, almost everyone is opting for India, not Indonesia, which is understandable, especially if the argument based on dissimilarities in the distribution of production influences and their comparative values. It is a competition between India and Indonesia since both of their markets are in critical situations, following the possible downfall of Asia’s economy, the main reason why parties are still questioning the idea of vetting for India. Evidently, both countries are developed, but today, there are minor differences between Modi and Widodo in terms foreign direct investment inflows and outflows. One thing is for sure, they are not constant. In fact, the only difference is that India’s bonds went up by 0.6%, on the other hand, Indonesia’s bonds might not have gone up by the nation’s economy developed, even more than most people expected. However, different countries have the dissimilar perception on matters and there is no positive way to justify why most of the investors are focusing on India; typically, India has its economic  blemishes.  

Assess Whether Religious Experience Demonstrates the Existence of God Essay Example for Free

Assess Whether Religious Experience Demonstrates the Existence of God Essay

Baruch Spinoza :: History

Baruch Spinoza The task of simply just surviving is for most of us a handful in itself in this life. However, only a few in a life time choose not to be satisfied with only just survival rather they assume the yoke of redefining life for themselves and for others. In philosophy of religion, pantheism is usually in conflict with traditional religious authority, which claims that the pantheistic belief is nothing more than a blasphemous form of idolatrous worship. A man by the name Benedictus (Baruch) Spinoza took it upon his shoulders to construct an explainable theory of this deistic belief and as a result earned the name of the father of Pantheism. I, George Meza, had the privilege of investigating the life of this rational genius as he struggled along the path of enlightenment in a society that was as different to him as his theory of ethics was to the Synagogue and the Church. Spinoza’s works ranged from the political to the theistic, from the mathematical, to even the intellectual. I ask the question what trials and troubles in the life of Baruch Spinoza could birth such a passion for what was known at the time as heretical theology. What was the impact of Spinoza’s work on our technologically advanced society that has put aside terms such as G-d and ethic and has attempted to redefine the term free will? The Spinoza family arrived in Amsterdam, via Portugal in 1498, due to persecution the family decided to go by the name Spinoza. Baruch’s father and grandfather were originally Spanish crypto-Jews -- that is, Jews who were forced to adopt Christianity in post-Islamic Spain, but secretly remained Jewish, Spinoza's parents had died when he was quite young, I believe that this was a major influence on his later work. His father Michael died when he was 21; Baruch Spinoza was born in the Amsterdam quarter of Vloedenburg (now Waterlooplein quarter), Holland in November 24, 1632. What most people don’t know is that Spinoza was born to a traditional observant Jewish home and the foundation of his theories had traditional Judaism as its backbone. As historian Paul Johnson once said, â€Å"Judaism is a highly efficient social machine for the production of intellectuals†. When Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand initiated the inquisition in 1492, Jews had to find a new place of residence that would tolerate their social and religious differences.

Health Care” Right or Privilege” Essay

There has been an active debate about health care reform among many Americans in the United States. Some the recent concerns and questions involving a right to health care are access, fairness, efficiency, cost, choice, value, and quality. Health Care† Right or Privilege† Health care in the United States is provided by many separate legal entities. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by the private sector. Health insurance is now primarily provided by the government in the public sector, with 60-65% of healthcare provision and spending coming from programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration (â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). In the United States, ownership of the health care system is mainly in private hands, though federal, state, county, and city governments also own certain facilities. The non-profit hospitals share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70%) for decades. There are also privately owned for-profit hospitals as well as government hospitals in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments. There is no nationwide system of government-owned medical facilities open to the general public but there are local government-owned medical facilities open to the general public. The federal Department of Defense operates field hospitals as well as permanent hospitals (the Military Health System), to provide military-funded care to active military personnel. The federal Veterans Health Administration operates VA hospitals open only to veterans, though veterans who seek medical care for conditions they did not receive while serving in the military are charged for services(â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). Hospitals provide some outpatient care in their emergency rooms and specialty clinics, but primarily exist to provide inpatient care. Hospital emergency departments and urgent care centers are sources of sporadic problem-focused care. Surgery centers are examples of specialty clinics. Hospice services for the terminally ill who are expected to live six months or less are most commonly subsidized by charities and government. Prenatal, family planning, and â€Å"dysplasia† clinics are government-funded obstetric and gynecologic specialty clinics respectively, and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners (â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). Over 45 million Americans are uninsured or underinsured. Those living in poverty exhibit the worst health status. Employment, education, income, and race are important factors in a person’s ability to acquire healthcare access. Having established that there are people lacking healthcare access due to multi-factorial etiologies, the question arises as to whether the intervention necessary to assist them in obtaining such access should be considered a privilege, or a right(â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). An active debate about health care reform in the United States concerns questions of a right to health care, access, fairness, efficiency, cost, choice, value, and quality. Some have argued that the system does not deliver equivalent value for the money spent. The USA pays twice as much yet lags behind other wealthy nations in such measures as infant mortality and life expectancy, though the relation between these statistics to the system itself is debated. Currently, the USA has a higher infant mortality rate than most of the world’s industrialized nations and life expectancy is ranked 42nd in the world. (â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is a United States federal statute signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. The law (along with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010) is the principal health care reform legislative action of the 111th United States Congress (à ¢â‚¬Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011). A majority of the states, and numerous organizations and individual persons, have filed actions in federal court challenging the constitutionality of PPACA. As of September 2011, federal appellate courts are almost evenly divided on the constitutional issues raised in this litigation; at the district court level, three judges upheld the constitutionality of PPACA and three declared it unconstitutional, in part. PPACA includes numerous provisions to take effect over several years beginning in 2010(â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011). Perhaps the biggest disappointment of our legislative and executive branches of government in the creation of â€Å"Obama Care† is that they lacked vision and a concrete understanding of the bigger picture when crafting and ‘pushing’ this new agenda. With a broad brush assessment, we can see that the architects of â€Å"Obama Care† failed in addressing the following two areas: Bridging Safety loophole s that needlessly lead to over 100,000 medical-related deaths and hundreds of thousands more in injuries in American medical institutions each year. Propagating the misperception that a one-tiered, national health system plan, with greater centralized control, can work somehow ‘better’. One of the provisions I disagree with is the shared responsibility requirement, commonly called an individual mandate, it requires that nearly all persons not covered by Medicaid, Medicare, or other insurance programs purchase and comply with an approved insurance policy or pay a penalty. The only people exempt from the mandate are individuals of recognized religious sects or those individuals able to obtain a waiver from the Internal Revenue Service in cases of financial hardship(â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011) . The Act’s provisions are intended to be funded by a variety of taxes and offsets. Major sources of new revenue include a much-broadened Medicare tax on incomes over $200,000 and $250,000, for individual and joint filers respectively, an annual fee on insurance providers, and a 40% tax o n â€Å"Cadillac† insurance policies. There are also taxes on pharmaceuticals, high-cost diagnostic equipment, and a federal sales tax on indoor tanning services. Total new tax revenue from the Act will amount to $409.2 billion over the next 10 years. $78 billion will be realized before the end of fiscal 2014(â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011). I have two problems with what many Americans now refer to as â€Å"Obama Care†, one I am no fan of paying higher taxes. Any economist will tell you that raising taxes does not stimulate economic growth and without economic growth people will continue to spend less, businesses will not hire new employees or expand, and the unemployment rate will continue to rise. Also an increased unemployment rate means more people in need of government assistance, along with more Americans unable to afford health care. So in short our government is going to raise taxes to give all Americans health care which will in effect cause more Americans to become unemplo yed and lose there health care and become subject to a penalty. Sounds like the democratic version of utopia is nothing more than a double edge sword doomed for failure. The concept of utopia is an unrealistic dream; for each person’s vision of utopia is different. The other problem I have with Obama’s centralized health care plan is that we are letting government dictate what we as American have to purchase or be subject to a fine if we do not comply. Our constitution states each person has the right to pursue happiness, it does not say the government should or could guarantee it, just that you have to right to pursue it. Some people suggest making healthcare mandatory is the same as having to purchase automobile insurance, the only problem with this type of thinking is that you do not have to drive or own a car. If you choose not to, no one fines you for it. I view health care as a right in respect that I have the right to purchase health care or to choose not too. I believe all Americans have the right to choice and should not be fined or penalized if they choose to exercise that right. Too many people today view our government as a separate entity and believe that it owes them something. We as Americans are in fact the government, for we are a government of the people for the people. References Health care in the United States. (2011). In . Retrieved October 24, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_the_United_States&oldid=456210485 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. (2011). In . Retrieved October 24, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act&oldid=456759152

Determining Lung Capacity

Determining lung capacity Experiment: This is the experiment of determining lung capacity. All the students in the group measured three types of different parameters: vital capacity, expiratory reserve and tidal volume. â€Å"Lung volumeizing refer to physical differences in lung volume, while lung capacities represent different combinations of lung volumes, usually in relation to inhalation and exhalation. The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 liters of air, but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing. Several factors affect lung volumes, some that can be controlled and some that can not. Lung volumes can be measured using the following terms[1]: Table 1 Larger volumes |Smaller volumes | |males |Females | |taller people |shorter people | |non-smokers |smokers | |athletes |non-athletes | |people living at high altitudes |people living at low altitudes | The results that were measured during the experiment are showen in the table. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. Vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximal inspiration. The precise formula for measuring vital capacity is: Inspiratory reserve volume( IRV) + Tidal volume( TV) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV). 2] My calculations showed next values of diameter of the balloon: First measurement = 19 cm Seco nd measurement = 20 cm Third measurement = 21 cm Fourth measurement = 21 cm Average one is = 20. 25 However, the only formula that we used in this experiment to calculate the volume in balloon is next one: VOLUME = 1. 33 [pic] r[pic], where r = [pic] of the average diameter of the balloon and [pic]= 3. 14. So in this case, vital capacity is: r = 10. 125 V= 1. 33 [pic] 3. 14 [pic]( 10. 125)[pic] V= 4334. 77 2. Expiratory reserve capacity is the amount of additional air that can be breathed out after the end expiratory level of normal breathing. 3] Expiratory reserve that was measured showed next values: First measurement =13. 5 cm Second measurement = 14 cm Third measurement = 13. 5 cm Fourth measurement = 14 cm Average one is = 13. 75 r = 6. 875 V = 1. 33 [pic] 3. 14 [pic]( 6. 875)[pic] V = 1357. 06 3. Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration[4]. Tidal volume that was measured showe next results: First measurement = 15 cm Second measurement = 15 . 5 cm Third measurement = 15. 5 cm Fourth measurement = 15 cm Average one is = 15. 25 r = 7. 625 V = 1. 33 [pic] 3. 14 [pic]( 7. 625)[pic] V = 1851. 402 Conclusion: It is possible to deduce that each of the volumes is bigger in males than in females. This is because of the construction of the body, where men need larger lung capacity than women. In this way we proved the statement is the Table 1. The other thing that was proved is that athlets have much bigger lung capacity than those who don't play any sport. This is better shown in female example in this experiment. We can see also that the vital capacity is the largest because it represent the amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation. Tidal volume is smaller, because it is the air exhaled during normal respiration. However, it is also shown that Expiratory reserve is the smallest, because it represents the amount of air exhaled right before next inhalation. Evaluation: We could extend this experiment by measuring other values such as: 1. „Total Lung Capacity (TLC). The formula for calculating TLC is = IRV + TV + ERV + RV. This is the volume of gas contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration. 2. Forced vital capacity. This is the amount of air that can be maximally forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration. 3. Residual volume (RV). This is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. 4. Inspiratory reserve volume ( IRV). The formula for calcutaing IRV = VC- ( TV + ERV). This is the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in. 5. Functional residual capacity (FRC). The formula for calculating FRC = ERV+ RV. This is the amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out. 6. Inspiratory capacity ( IC). The formula for calculating IC = TV + IRV. This is the volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breathe-out. †[5] In this way, it would be possible to calculate all the values using the right formulas. In this experiment, we might have some errors. During the measurement of the diameter of the balloon, it is possible that the values read on the ruler were wrong. [pic] Graph showing vital capacity of the students [pic] Graph showing expiratory reserve of the students [pic] Graph showing tidal volume of the students | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ———————– [1] www. wikipedia. com [2] www. wikipedia. com [3] www. wikipedia. com [4] www. wikipedia. com [5] www. wikipedia. com

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay ) How the complement cascade participates in neural disease and precipitates injury. The complement system helps antibodies and other immune cells to destroy pathogens from an organism. It forms part of the immune system that does not change and an individual is born with it. The system and part of the innate immunity can also act together with the adaptive immunity. The complement system is made up of a number of proteins found in the circulatory system, synthesized by the liver, and circulates as inactive precursors also called pro-proteins. When the system is stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases cleave certain proteins to release cytokines and start an amplifying cascade of more cleavages (Boglio 89). The result of the activation cascade is a large amplification of the response and activation of the membrane attack complex. Many proteins and fragments make up the system, including receptors in the cell membrane and proteins in serum all of which make up about 5%of globulin in serum. Three pathways initialize the system: the mannose binding lectin pathway, classical pathway, alternative pathway (Rother 68). The main features of the system are lysis which involves rupturing membranes of foreign cells, Opsonization which is enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, clumping of antigen-bearing agents, Chemotaxis where there is an attraction of macrophages and neutrophils. Complement opsonins for example, Clq and C3b interact with surface complement receptors to promote phagocytosis while complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a initiate local pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to the protection of the host. Activation of the system to a higher extent has been thought to promote injury to tissues. There is evidence showing that the system is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Deposition of complement proteins correlates with areas of demyelination and axonal loss observed in EAE and complement inhibition ameliorates disease. However, the precise mechanisms underlying complement-mediated damage are still largely unknown (Alt 98). The recent use of transgenic animals is beginning to make it clear on the significant additions of the different complement activation pathways in the pathogenesis of experimental demyelin ation. Although the liver is the major source of complement, glial cells and neurons in the CNS can produce most of the 30 different proteins that make up the complex complement cascade. C1q, mannose binding lectin, and C3 stimulate the activation and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, promote phagocytosis, and facilitate lysis by the membrane attack complex and Levels of complement components are increased in Huntington's disease (HD) Complement activation products, including the membrane attack complex, colocalize with amyloid plaques and tangle-bearing neurons in Down's syndrome. Using differential mRNA display, C1q B-chain mRNA was found to be strongly increased in an experimental model of prion disease (Rother 23). Complement activation can lead to the formation of C3 convertases, multiprotein enzyme complexes that cleave the secreted complement factor C3 into C3a and C3b. The C3a can promote chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. C3b binds covalently to acceptor molecules, initiating formation of the MAC and cell destruction. C3b deposition starts the phagocytosis process of the complement system through receptors that are found on macrophages. Host cells are normally covered from complement activation and self to self attacks by complement proteins bound on the membranes that regulate the system. Whether complement activation in neurodegenerative disorders represents an appropriate injury response or results from an impairment of these regulatory systems remains to be determined (Sherwood 61). 2) The role of the complement cascade in neural disease and injury precipitation. Inflammation is recognized in science as a protective response by a host to injury that has occurred due to physical trauma or infections by pathogenic organisms. It is characterized by features of swelling, redness, pain and heat. But despite its protective role, it also has diverse side effects on the host due to mediators released during this process (Blass 98). In the central nervous system, inflammation is implicated in a wide array of disease pathogenesis including diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis include adhesion molecules, complement system, cyclooxygenase system (both the enzymes and products) and cytokines. All the above mentioned components of the inflammatory pathway play a critical role not only in the defensive aspect of the process but also the injurious and albeit unwanted consequence therein. In the central nervous system, they are implicated in the neuronal injury that is a distinct characteristic of all the above mentioned diseases. This is due to the fact that years of research have shown that they are increased in levels in patients with the mentioned conditions. This fact cannot be debated since the use of therapeutic inflammatory modulators has shown success in neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis (Blass 89). Although inflammation is essentially a protective event, it may lead to damage of host tissue around the site of the inflammation. For one to unerstand how the injury occurs, it is vital that one knows the events in inflammation. During tissue injury, either due to trauma or the offending toxins released by pathogens that have infected the host, the body releases an array of chemicals meant to carry out certain protective roles. The roles include; to recruit a large number white blood cells to the site of the event thus stopping the infection or preventing its further progression, to increase the blood flow to the affected region thus bringing more nutrition (oxygen and glucose) to the affected tissues and aid in removal of accumulated toxins, and to cause an increase in the size of the tissues (swelling) thus creating a walled off area from the rest of the surrounding tissue that is not affected. The chemicals/mediators that carry out this functions include; cytokines, Prostranoids, Kinins, substance P, Histamine, Serotonin and Nitrous Oxide ( Cutler 15). Cytokines are a family of chemicals that are key in the mediation of the inflammatory process. They are divided into interleukins and interferon. Further divided into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (IFN-, TGF-, etc.), and type 2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) for antibody (Neal.R. 102). The brain has very distinct and unique features when it comes to inflammation and its response to inflammatory insults. The brain is described as an immunologically privileged site and the tight junctions of the cerebral vasculature prevent large molecules and cells from entering. The brain is also tightly confined in the cranium thus according very limited space for brain tissue swelling. Inflammation in the central nervous system has been implicated in both acute and chronic diseases. Most neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases are due to chronic inflammation. Multiple sclerosis, for example, is one of the most common of these diseases. The exact etiopathogenesis of this disease has not been fully unraveled (Wiley-Blackwell 45). But years of research have shown that inflammation has a key role to play, that of the autoimmune type. Evidence points to autoimmune condition that leads to T-cell activation and deactivation of suppressor T-cells leading to invasion of the central nervous system by the T-cells and macrophages (Prat et al. 2002). This leads to axonal demyelination, consequent degeneration and plaque formation. Both clinical studies and experimental studies (in mice immunized against myelin basic protein) have shown increased levels of TNF-alpha and INF-gamma, which are directly toxic to oligodendrocytes. These, effect on neurons, have been shown clinically. The autoimmune condition that causes release of these harmful cytokines has a snowball effect. The above cytokines lead to stimulation and production of more cytokine, therefore, leading to further disease progression and neurodegeneration. 3) The advantages and disadvantages of pharmacotherapeutics that target adhesion molecules and leukocytic infiltration into the CNS, such as in MS-spectrum disorders. The goal of pharmacotherauptic drugs acting in the CNS is to diminish or breakdown certain immune responses that are triggering by Multiple Sclerosis, while also causing minor side-effects, and not having to weaken the immunity of the body. Multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease dealing with immune action targeted against central nervous system antigens (Sherwood 67). It is the most common inflammatory-demyelinating diseases targeting the CNS. With the support of the immune system participation in the progress of MS has grown, trials of many different new therapies to suppress the immune response and even alter the system are being conducted. Most therapies are still experimental. Data of recent randomized clinical trials are showing that immunosuppressive drugs that target adhesion molecules and leukocyte infiltration and methods can encouragingly affect the progress of Multiple Sclerosis. Toxic side effects often prevent their overall use. Immunosuppression of the host leaves the patient prone to a number of opportunistic infections. Amongst the many demyelinating conditions that have an effect on the CNS, those induced by an inflammatory process come out because of their relevance. The well described inflammatory-induced demyelinating condition is multiple sclerosis, but the immunity system response is a frequent pathogenic mechanism in less common diseases for example acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Hence, changing of the immune system response is likely to be a best therapeutic choice. The introduction of these pharmacotherauputic agents has dramatically changed how neuro-degenerative diseases can be treated. These agents are immune-modulators, which in essence means, they can change the functioning of your immune system by suppressing or increasing in built immune responses. The more specific the specific target to be blocked is, the less the effect is to the other bodily functions, making the agent more effective. With the use of these agents in neuro-degenerative treatment, serious side-effects from treatment with the agents have been documented; even deaths have been noted with their usage. If there was a preexisting disease, such as tuberculosis or other serious diseases, the risk for severe side-effects from their therapy with these agents increases. Some research has shown their capabilities for increasing cancer through their actions on the body's immunity. Research into these drugs is still continuous and ongoing on the manny disadvantages as their long time use has not yet been documented (Alt 56). Pharmacotherapeutic therapy is very expensive and most times not a probable treatment choice. Their use is limited to those who can afford. Those agents that are approved for use in treating patients with neuro-degenerative diseases can be divided into three types: tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors which block the chemical messengers, T cell modulators that get the T cells and cytokine inhibitors that block specific intercellular connections and all this block leukocyte infiltration and cell adhesions (Lezonni 56). Any increase in strength of multiple sclerosis drugs could affect with the protective immunosurveillance of the central nervous system. One probable impact is an increased prevalence of opportunistic diseases. An increased surveillance for central nervous system infections in the prospect of immunosuppression is important to avoid major side-effects (lezonni 78). Many of these drugs are very helpful in controlling some of these neuro-degenerative diseases, but due to the many side-effects their use is still debatable. 4) Promising targets of therapeutics to be used in treatment of neuroimmunological disorders and the possible impact of such therapeutics on disease progression. Research has been ongoing into the possible development of neurodegenerative disorders treatments. But the main hurdle most researchers face lies in the thin line between the helpful and detrimental effects of inflammation. Delineating these two has proved to be a major headache to researchers. Another major setback is the inability of scientists to be able to identify which specific inflammatory mediators are involved, and the role they play in the different types of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. In acute central nervous system injury, for example stroke or brain injury, there is a lot of literature available on the specific types of mediators involved and their role. Most of this data was obtained from experimental rodent studies (Sluis 44). In acute injury, research has shown that general anti-inflammatory therapy is helpful in the prevention of serious brain injury. Drugs like aspirin and Statins have been shown to help in management of the above mentioned injuries. Although Statins are known to exert their effects on cholesterol and aspirin on coagulation, most schools of thought do not dispute their anti-inflammatory effect as contributory (John P 42). Apart from these well established drugs in use, research is ongoing to develop drugs that are more specific and target certain mediators. For example, a drug targeting interleukin-1(IL-1) is already in early safety trials and so far no adverse drug reactions have been reported. This drug, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), is being used to reduce levels of IL-1 during inflammation. Interleaukin-1 has been shown to be in increased levels in acute neurodegenaration. It has also been shown to play a role in fever development following brain injury (fever is very common and is detrimental sequelae of brain damage). By decreasing the levels of interleaukin-1, the drug is aimed at reducing the intensity of the inflammatory response and reducing the development of fever. Though this drug has shown so much promise, the main setback is that it is a large molecule and its bioavailability in the brain is reduced since the brain blood barrier keeps most of it out. Researchers are trying to circumvent this short coming by employing cleavage enzymes, soluble receptors and inhibition of expression (Robin Thorpe 67). Apart from targeting interleukin-1, other cytokines can also be targeted and modulated using pharmacological agents. Research on this front is still poorly advanced, but it is still a very promising one. Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are widely known to be involved in central nervous system inflammation, can also be targeted. They can either be targeted by employing receptor antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. This would consequently lead to a diminished inflammatory response. Apart from pro-inflammatory cytokines, another target site can be anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10, interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and transforming growth factor-beta amongst others. The data on just how much neuroprotection they accord are very limited, but facts point to their ability to reduce inflammation in the brain (Robin Thorpe 106). Pharmacological agents can be developed either as analogs of these chemicals or by increasing their production through enzyme activities. The inflammatory process can also be targeted by preventing activation of microglia cells. Microglias are types of glial cells that are macrophages in the spinal cord and the brain. They are thus the primary form of active immunological defense in the central nervous system. When activated, they take an amoeboid shape and release cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that lead to neuron degeneration (Blass 100). This modulation can be achieved be achieved by Inhibition of activation, Regulation of chemokine receptor, Inhibition of amyloid deposition and Inhibition of cytokine synthesis. These are just but a few of the targets than can be isolated in the neuroimmflammatory pathway and appropriately modulated to reduce neuronal destruction in neurodegenerative process. By modulating the inflammatory process with the right drugs, the disease process can be halted, and even reversed in the long run. Buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

Stop Cluttering Up the Classroom Walls

Stop Cluttering Up the Classroom Walls Despite a teachers best intentions, a cluttered classroom environment could be distracting students from learning. Too much visual stimulation in the classroom can be distracting, the layout may be unwelcoming, or the classroom wall color may have a negative impact on mood. These elements of  classroom environment  can have a negative or positive effect on student academic performance. This general statement is supported by a growing  body of research on the critical impact that light, space, and room layout have on a students well-being, physically and emotionally. The Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture has collected information on this impact: Features of any architectural environment can  have an influence certain brain processes such as those involved in stress, emotion and memory (Edelstein 2009).   While it may be difficult to control all factors, the choice of materials on a classroom wall is the easiest to manage for a teacher.  The  Princeton University Neuroscience Institute  published the results of a study,â€Å"Interactions of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms in Human Visual Cortex,†Ã‚  they conducted that discusses how the brain sorts out competing stimuli. One heading in the research notes: Multiple stimuli present in the visual field at the same time compete for neural representation...   In other words, the more stimulation in an environment, the more competition for attention from the part of a students  brain needed to focus. Michael Hubenthal and Thomas O’Brien reached the same conclusion in their research  Revisiting Your Classroom’s Walls: The Pedagogical Power of Posters  (2009). They found that a students  working  memory uses  different components that process visual and  verbal information . They agreed that too many posters, regulations, or information sources could have the  potential of overwhelming a students  working memory:   The  visual complexity caused by an  abundance of text and small images  can set  up an  overwhelming  visual/verbal  competition between  text and  graphics for which students must gain control in order to  give meaning to information. From Early Years to High School For many students, the  text and graphic-rich classroom environments begin in their early education (Pre-K and elementary) classrooms. These classrooms may be decorated to an extreme.   Too often,  clutter passes for quality, a  sentiment expressed by  Erika Christakis in her book  The Importance of Being Little: What Preschoolers Really Need from Grownups  (2016).  In  Chapter 2 (Goldilocks Goes to Daycare) Christakis describes the average preschool the following way: First well bombard you with what educators call a print-rich environment, every wall and surface festooned with a vertiginous array of labels, vocabulary list, calendars, graphs, classroom rules, alphabet lists, number charts, and inspirational platitudes - few of those symbols you will be able to decode, a favorite buzzword for what used to be known as reading(33). Christakis also list the other distractions that are also  hanging in plain sight:  the number of  mandated rules and regulations alongside decorations including hand washing instructions, allergy procedures, and emergency exit diagrams. She writes: In one study, researchers manipulated the amount of clutter on the walls of a laboratory classroom where kindergarteners were taught a series of science lessons. As the visual distraction increased, the childrens ability to focus, stay on task, and learn new information decreased (33). Researchers from The Holistic Evidence and Design (HEAD) support Christakiss position. They assessed  hundred fifty-three U.K. classrooms to study the link of classroom environment to the learning of almost four thousand students  (ages 5-11).  Researchers  Peter Barrett, Fay Davies, Yufan Zhang, and Lucinda Barrett published their findings in  The Holistic Impact of Classroom Spaces on Learning in Specific Subjects  (2016).  They reviewed the impact of different factors, including color, on student learning, by looking at measures of progress in reading, writing, and math.  They found that reading and writing performances are particularly affected by levels of  stimulation. They also noted that math received  the most positive impact from a classroom design that is student-centered and personalized spaces. Environment Element: Color in the Classroom The color of the classroom can also stimulate or overstimulate students. This environmental element may not always be under the teachers control, but there are some recommendations teachers might be able to make. For example, the colors  red and orange are associated with negative impact on students, making them feel nervous and unsettled. In contrast, blue and green colors are calming colors.   The color  of an environment also affects children differently according to age. Younger children below five may be more productive with bright colors such as yellow. Older students, specifically high school students, work better in rooms painted in light shades of blue and green which are less stressful and distracting.  Ã‚  Warm yellows or pale yellows are also older student appropriate. The scientific research into color is extensive and color can affect children’s moods, mental clarity, and energy levels,  (Englebrecht, 2003).   According to the International Association of Color Consultants - North America (IACC-NA), a school’s physical environment has a  powerful psycho-physiological impact on its students:   â€Å"Appropriate color design is important in protecting eyesight, in creating surroundings that are conducive to studying, and in promoting physical and mental health.† The IACC has noted that poor color choices can lead to irritability, premature fatigue, lack of interest and behavioral problems.   Alternatively,  walls with no color can also be a problem. Colorless and poorly lit classrooms are often considered boring or lifeless, and a  boring classroom maybe likely to cause  students to become disengaged and uninterested in learning. â€Å"For budget reasons, a lot of schools don’t seek out good information on color,† says Bonnie Krims, of IACC. She notes that in the past, there was a common belief that the more colorful the classroom, the better for the students. Recent research disputes past practice, and that too much color, or colors that are too bright, can lead to overstimulation. An accent wall of bright color in a classroom may be offset by muted shades on the other walls.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The goal is to find a balance,† Krims concludes.   Natural Light Dark colors are equally problematic. Any color that lessens or filters  natural sunlight out of a room can even make people feel drowsy and listless (Hathaway, 1987).  There are multiple studies that point to the  beneficial effects of natural light  on health and mood. One medical study found that patients who had access to a scenic view of nature had shorter hospital stays and required lower amounts of pain medication than those patients who had windows that faced a brick building. The official  blog of the U.S. Department of Education posted a  2003 study  (in  California)  that  found that classrooms with the most (natural light)  daylighting had a 20 percent better learning rate in math, and a 26 percent improved rate in reading, compared to classrooms with little or no daylighting. The study also noted that in some cases,  teachers  needed only  to reposition furniture or move  storage to  take advantage of the available natural light in their classrooms.  Ã‚   Overstimulation and Special Needs Students Overstimulation is an issue with students who may have Autistic Spectrum Disorder  (ASD).  The Indiana Resource Center for Autism  recommends that teachers try to limit  auditory and visual distractions so that students can  focus on the concepts that are being taught instead of details that may not be relevant, and reduces competing distractions. Their  recommendation is to limit these distractions: Often when students with ASD are presented with too much stimulus (visual or auditory), processing may slow down, or if overloaded, processing may stop completely.   This approach may prove  beneficial for other students as well.  While  a  classroom rich in materials may support learning,  a cluttered classroom that overstimulates  may be too distracting to many students whether they special needs or not. Color also matters for special needs students. Trish Buscemi, the owner of  Colors Matter, has experience in advising clients what color palette to use with special needs populations.  Buscemi has found that blues, greens, and muted brown tones tend to be appropriate choices for students with ADD and ADHD, and she writes on her blog  that: The brain remembers color first! Let the Students Decide At the secondary level,  teachers could have  students make contributions to help shape a learning space. Giving students a voice in designing their space along will help develop student ownership in the classroom.  The  Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture  agrees, and notes  the importance of being able to have spaces that students can call their own. Their literature explains, Feelings of comfort and welcome in a shared space are vital to the level in which we feel invited to take part.  Students are more likely to  take pride in the space, and they are more likely to support each others efforts to contribute ideas and maintain organization.   Also, teachers should be encouraged to feature student work, maybe original pieces of art, displayed to elicit trust and student worth.   What Decorations to Choose? To reduce classroom clutter, teachers could ask themselves the following questions before putting that velcro or removable tape onto the classroom wall: What purpose does this  poster, sign or display serve?Do  these  posters, signs, or items celebrate or support student learning?Are the  posters, signs, or displays  current with what is being learned in the classroom?Can the display  be made interactive?Is there  white space in between wall displays to help the  eye distinguish what is in the display?Can students contribute to decorating the classroom (ask â€Å"What do you think could go inside that space?†) As the school year begins, teachers should keep in mind opportunities to limit distractions and reduce classroom clutter for better academic performance.

Module Islam and Modernity - assignment Documentary analysis

Module Islam and Modernity - Documentary analysis - Assignment Example Both the books have successfully drawn the attention of the readers towards the traditionally depraved condition of the Muslim women in Egypt and presented an appeal to the Egyptian intellectual class to initiate an improvement in their status and assign them equality with men in terms of political, social and economic rights. Historical and Political Context The author feels that it is his moral obligation as an author to communicate to the society his liberal views about the emancipation of women in the Egyptian society. Looking at the erstwhile scenario, he feels that the upliftment of the status of the women in society is not only desirable but also essential and integral to the positive growth and development of his future generations. So he considers it high time that his thoughts broke free from the shackles of passive reflection and found concrete expression in his literary works. However the author fears that this honest expression of his sincere views might be termed as â⠂¬Å"heresy† by the religious fanatics. ... t improved in the Western countries owing to the growing impact of technology and diminishing geographical boundaries resulting in a warmer approach towards new innovations and an openness to change. But despite all these formative changes on the global platform, unfortunately, the scenario in the Islamic countries remains the same. These countries seem somewhat immune to the new changes and events prevailing in their surrounding world. The author claims that this could be attributed to the fact that in addition to a hostility to change propagated by tradition, the people in these countries exhibit a kind of intellectual lethargy which inhibits the growth of their minds. This intellectual lethargy dissuades them from pondering over new ideas and persuades them to seek a convenient refuge under the dead and decaying customs and traditions, in order to circumvent the discomfort of speculation. The outcome is that any idea or opinion that seems to be going against the flow of tradition is labelled as â€Å"heresy† or defiance of religion. Going by this logic, the author’s views on woman empowerment can also be classified as heresy. But here the author clarifies that his work is presented as a revolt against not religion, but tradition. It is intended to defy not Islam, but the rigid and stifling traditions that need to be either mended or discarded. Detailed Analysis Having declared at the outset that he does not conform to the Islamic traditions, the author wonders why the Muslims are so keen on sticking to their traditions whichideally should be done away with. They fail to realise that in their attempt to conform to their traditions they are actually working against the laws of Nature- God’s laws of creation- the Law of Change. They seem to undermine the fact that

How the writing about skateboarding reflects the views of Essay

How the writing about skateboarding reflects the views of skateboarders - Essay Example Skateboarders have always viewed the sport this way. On the other hand, if you ask non-skateboarders about what they think of skateboarding the responses will vary. Society’s perception of skateboarding is always changing. The early writings about skateboarding show that society’s appreciation for the sport outweighed the public’s frustrations with skateboarders. By the late 1980’s when skateboarding showed resurgence, writings about skateboarding voiced frustrations with the skateboarding culture and even tried to deter people from skateboarding. Today there still exists some negative stereotypes from the past, but society is more careful when writing about skateboarding. To examine the changing perception of skateboarding, this essay examines writings about skateboarding in the late seventies, and late eighties (both eras had a resurgence of popularity to the sport) then the present date, to illustrate the changing views of the activity. Technological ad vances in the design of the skateboard in the 1970’s created an explosion of new skateboarders around the world. As a result, the skill level of skateboarders progressed quickly. Skateboarding was just beginning to become recognized as a sport in the late 1970’s. This resulted in skateboarding companies flourishing. Skateboards, skateboarding paraphernalia, and plenty of skateboarding magazines emerged. The skateboarding magazines eager to profit from this new sport would have to be careful with their treatment, as to make it appealing to young skateboarders, but also write cautiously about the problems associated with skateboarding. One considers that an article ‘There’s more than one shiny pebble on Brighton Beach’ (1977) discussed the planning stages of a skateboarding club. Still, they only briefly mention the problems associated with skateboarding, noting â€Å"there was a general discussion about the new sport – its popularity and its problems.† Although, one may find articles in skateboarding magazines that mention that skateboarding has its problems, it is very difficult to find any articles which go into detail about those problems. This article is selective in how it chooses the material to present the problems associated with skateboarding because during the late 70’s skateboarding was just beginning to gain popularity. The explosion of many new skateboarders meant lots of new skateboards and skateboard paraphernalia to be sold. Hence, skateboarding magazines would have been cautious in what they choose to portray. When this article refers to trouble making kids they say are inferring that the group prevents them from causing trouble. The articles notes It’s all worth it and very refreshing for those of us involved. Kids who are normally out in the streets aren’t – they come skateboarding with us instead. We get some of the young hoods with us but they never cause trouble. A ll they want to do is skateboard – and that’s why it’s so rewarding. (para. 6) When this article refers to kids who cause trouble being when there out on the streets, it does not go into to detail about those problems. The article illustrates how it is rewarding to see the group have a positive effect on the youth, as it keeps them out of trouble. Since skateboarding was only beginning to gain popularity during the late 1970’s, it is possible that the general public was not entirely frustrated with skateboarders yet. Teeter (1979) further expands the discussion on skateboarding, in a newspaper article from the Lethbridge Herald. This article is also only slightly suggestive of the public’s frustrations with skateboardin