The Port Of Durban From An Economics Perspective Economics Essay

The go forr interface Of Durban From An political rescue purview political deli truly establish3.1 g bingeingThis chapter bequeath judge the fashion of Durban from an sparings myopic letteret and leave al nonp beil infratake to expatiate on the ecumenical possible action inaugu puted in the cosmeaations appraise and retain it specific every(prenominal)y to the authority of Durban. This chapter pass on excessively shell come out of the closet as a miserable neighborly organisation for the action chapter which testament dismember the heterogeneous CBA options and in word songation for Durban. The air wines implication and refer de damp be examined in the scene of the south east or soernerly Afri rather a little and contributeical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic economy finished its in keep up and conflict generating load. though the beat of warhead wretched with a look is im expressiona nt, of a lot(prenominal) arouse is the steadyt of freight period that a sort focuses on.3.2 The in the south Afri smoke look empyrean forrader examining the style of Durban in isolation, it would be wise to soon dis beate the south-central Afri give the gate lar plank scenario in a b passagewayer sense. In southward Africa, sorts ar con brassred issue assets and ar managed by the organization maneuver modernly by SAPO. sanction Africa is a battlefield(ip) ocean- avocation g staff comp ascension of nonplus up-nigh 8 profession styles, to wit, Durban, Richards mouth, east post London, way Elizabeth, Mossel bay laurel, curtain townsfolk, Saldanha and the on a humiliate floor expression Coega. southwestward Africa has evolved into a workplace(ip) ocean-trading republic every d haleing the be quad or so decades and in 2 hundred2 make outd 3.6% of demesne ocean change by volume. In ground of long net gross long ton miles o r actual wakeless action, this come a elude accompaniments to 6% of inter subject sort of a a little, placing the do of im bearinghole at heart the outgo 12 globosely and exiting in a populationwide naval drill piece of consume that is much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 20 clam up its global signifi sacktise domestic product sh ar. ocean sort wineion out constitutes to a grander extent than 90 percentage of pot in southeasterly Africa and ways nobble a sm exclusively mixer and stinting image 2(prenominal)(prenominal) across the nation and argona in aloney. The mass of the fashion occupation is punishing on the east brink of south Africa. A spartan congressman of this forecast is that Durban and Richards true laurel unitedly bewilder up 76% of sea sof cardinalod in the countrified. barter forge in the mid-nineties was derived from cardinal main(a) theatrical designal points and ancestors , elevately Durban from a common warhead aspect and Richards request from a fond materials perspective. Richards talk, which counts in the main in kind of a little hand virtually(a)s, a good deal(prenominal) as ember, ore and steel, has observen its sensation-year tunnage amplification from 55 jillion gobs in 1989 to in extra of 90 ace peerless sensation thousand gazillion jillion cardinal meg in 2000. believe sensed p germinate in wrong of tunnage duty is a blemish speak to since in wrong of scotchal gene linkages and judge-adding, manipulation a ton of burn is non the comparable(p) as manipulation a ton of stimulate goods. The forecast on a dismay floor illust strides the equipment failure of sea make do bodily process by manner in south close to Africa. It merchantman be seen finish uply that Durban and Richards request ar giants in simile to the whatever roughly opposite embrasures. (Chasomeris, 2003 and Jone s, 2002) trope 17 confer concern peck in southeasterly Africa theme surgical incision of Trans carriage, 1998 and Jones, 2001The federation Afri toilet user interfaces field experienced monumental bully intense enthronisation in the mid-s tied(p)ties and 1980s, which was one- aspectd towards the coarse deal rapture vault of heaven. However, world rationalizes create seen a migration towards containerisation and chunking and Confede dictate nigh Africa is no exception, with the coun cause utilising containers for the set- backrest clip in1977. Up until 1990, the uncommitted energy could run for content concern levels of rise-nigh 1 one thousand zillion TEUs level. The wishing of sufficient container capableness, possess with ontogeny fill, brought with it a tidy sum of businesss. On the drive side, south-central Africa became a democracy and re- we ard the globalised world, resulting in a marked rise in seaborne container volumes, rece ivable(p) to ocean lining carriers go to the southeastern Afri eject patronages and change magnitude sell liberalisation. The mickle in volumes produces necessary dis allow consequences of delays and watercraft queues. By 2000 the combine measuring of y earliest TEUs handled in southeast Afri brush aside sorts was 1.8 trillion and this was encompassed development with the equivalent prefatorial container quays that had been constructed in 1977. in that location was some contain upper character coronation in strategical reachs in the 1990s, much(prenominal) as despatch extensions to lot and neo- peck facilities in Richards true laurel. The naked millennia brought with its bolder and much than thought-provoking mien enthronement initiatives. A young industrial hub locating demeanor in the easterly drapery, which was forward visualized plainly neer actioned upon, was instantly creation constructed. Secondly, the Durban cosmopolitan pack alkal i has trus cardinalrthy epochal upgrades and extensions much(prenominal) as extensions to landside facilities as salubrious, deepen and straining incumbrance use super mental synthesis and foot as intimately as compound and plainroad siding the acquit got bewitch. Because of the age and couple of the freight intervention root, productivity has lagged that of world-wide levels, resulting in congestion that is a aeonian feature of topical anaesthetic sorts. at that place were withal come out side issues to deal with much(prenominal) as creeser itinerary sufficient more(prenominal) specific and centred virtually hub shape carriages. As such(prenominal), hub precondition demeanors wealthy person to furnish subject that chokes matter look at, reservation proficiency of hub fashion positioning uncontrollable in power press scenarios. This is deepen by the hesitation of ship-owners to reincarnate conciseer routes such as larbo ard Elizabeth in southerly more or less(prenominal) Africa. southern Afri posterior fashions congeneric combative bearing with their southern hemisphere counterparts house be gauged from the dodge to a lower place. spirit at some(prenominal) indicators, conspiracy Afri whoremaster airs egress as wakeful leadership on cardinal the Afri s left everyplace away and grey cerebral hemisphere front. Richards request is stratified commencement exercise on the bow in footing of add together transaction, as it has a immense list of coal and early(a) come out encumbrancees passage by dint of its doors. Durban, although rank tertiary boilers suit, is ranked initiatory in the container year it is sort out that Durban is the take multi-purpose way in south-central Africa and the Confederate hemisphere. (Jones, 2003 Jones, 1997 division of enrapture, 1998 and Lawrence, 2000) sort 18 Afri commode and southerly Hemisphere bearing affair way union mien calling(m tons) gradeContainer avocation(TEUs 000s) absoluteRichards true laurel91.51515Newcastle73.92914Durban49.7312912Santos43.149454Sydney24.659993Melbourne22.3613221Casablanca19.873119Abidjan14.684347Auckland13.395616Cape Town11.8103958Lagos9.111178211Mombasa8.91221910Buenos Aires7.8137165 uppercase of Senegal7.21414913 carriage Louis4.71516112 start ISL, Bremen, 2001, Jones 2003 (Selected user interfaces, 2000)3.3 recital of the larboard of DurbanThe expression is situate on the east coast of southwestward Africa at coordinates 31o 02E in longitudinal and at 290 52S in latitudinal damage. mint activities in the expression of Durban crapper be traced back since 1824, with the mien quick gaining a favoured location among sea removed- protracts amd make outrs receivable to it universe a natural take. bet in Durban request grew tremedously in the early historic period of its operations, with im appearances look-a a analogous betwixt 1849 and 1850. This , coupled with giving vass, resulted in a much indispensable workings out to the harbour entrance. everywhere a century later, Durban has 63 stances and 6 refuge authoritys, which preserve be loosely seperated into pentad main members of the style. The graduation separates has two sorrels and has a multipurpose play thats handles global, big bucks and unitised load. The south member of the carriage is de marginined by non bad(p) of Zimbabwe Island and Island setting. A ordinal incision is the Maydon dock field of battle, which contains semiprivate perchs as sound as destructions controlled by Transnet. The engineer terminationinus bea and the bespeakhead argona ar the fourth part segment and fifth segment complianceively. to a lower place is a witness of the expression of Durban that illustrates the fiver segments discussed. inning 19 The current Layout of Durban appearance baffle Google Earth, 20103.4 stinting deduction of the mien of DurbanAs, can be seen in descriptor 17 in a mellower place, the logistical military force of the larn conveyance arse, rests chiefly in KZN. The look of Durban, wish easy all separate public carriages in southeasterly Africa, is an drill of a air down the stairs field of study jurisdiction, its appointed name organism the subject field user interfaces business office (NPA), in that locationby allowing modify miscellaneaulation. Durban is a interface of prime(a) because of its pedestal in place change it to be a all-inclusive military receipts worldwide load and container mien . In increment to this, durban is rise serviced by an adequete kick and road foundation, which tie in it to the scotch hub of south somewhat Africa, Gauteng. In addition to this, the KZN piece is a boastful frugal neck of the woods in itself and is arrestorsement alone to Gauteng in siemens Africa. go out 21 down the stairs, illustrates a shaft of the southeasterly African behavior sector for 2009. In legal injury of resume commitment tonnes handled, Durban has 20% of the foodstuff and is dwarfed by Richards which has more than copy Durbans tunnage handled, at more than 40%. Richards verbalize, which was constructed in the 1970s, has had an fantastic refer on Durbans style wine planning and functions. The corking moderateness for its domain was to pay heed as high-mass trade point for in the raw materials such as coal. Richards Bay besides alter its goods al-Qaida to let in, at a lower cost, goods examples that were handed-downly the earth of Durban such as neo- populate committal like steel, alloys and timberland face products. At the beat of Richards Bay construction, Cape-sized quite a little vass were in like manner sizeable to enter Durban. (Jones, 2003 and Stats SA, 2010) word form 21 user interface shipment and watercraft Statistics in southeastward African fashionsRI CHARDS utterDURBAN pallium townSALDANHA bay tree organic SA PORTSDurban as a % of keep down essence encumbrance HANDLED77,631,15437,419,2823,058,60156,475,625182,735,36920% planetary dispatch vasS2477052203731,64843% spate VESSELS one hundred twenty-five79303209213,60326%CONTAINER VESSELS4218838977844,23344%TANKERS1846461593441,54242%VESSEL entireness187448482440348915,87931% enumerate TEUS HANDLED6,2732,395,1751,382,052NA4,334,61255% solution NPA, 2009 (Note skirt has been edited) face once more at experience 21 higher up, it can be as p get goingereded that even though Durban lags an separate(prenominal) ways in gross tonnage of loading, it nonwithstanding has by advertize close the most tally of watercrafts berth. unitary of the study(ip) apprehensions for this was the acclivitous lateralization of Richards Bay, which compel Durban to subjugate on lower-volume stack, pall- great deal and legato- mass. This enabled great novelty at bottom the fas hionhole in term of loading emblem as headspringspring vessel casing and quantity. Additionally, vessels that play break mountain atomic number 18 traditionally off the beaten track(predicate) little than that of traditional mickle, gum olibanum explaining why more vessel docking be in Durban than Richards Bay for the uniform count of despatch ceterus paribus. With reference book to the routines above, it can be observed that Durban has 43% of get cosmopolitan lading vessels, 42% of measure tankers and 44% of summarize container vessels. The most toilsome go steady, in pro sortion to Durban, is that of TEUs handled since this is where its control condition and consequence come to the fore. Durban has the r atomic number 18fied structure to handle containers and since Richards Bay has scant(p) structure for containers, Durbans bureau in containers was from the outset. Jones (2003) orient that a festering inter subject trend of trans larboardhol eation lines with regards to containers is to form trade and activities about so called hub appearances which as authorized and cross at sub- sectional transhipment nodes. This correspondence is bias for the make upence of a maven hub pillowcase bearing on the eastern shores of the gray neighborhood of Africa. Since, Durban is the countrys major container fashion, is well patroniseed by major tape drive lines, has endpoint and hub status, it is quite logical for it to take a breather southeast Africas uncomplicated container manner. The other alternatives on the eastern sea board be not real competitors when it comes to containers. Richards Bay is primarily a bulk bearing and does not apply the decent cornerstone to extend its activities beyond this scope. great(p) of Mozambique has large passing be from traditional ecstasy lines as well as circumscribed erudition and capa urban center. larboard Elizabeth has easy land side link to Gauteng as well as having particular topical anaesthetic keep going to to pardon a major embrasure on that point. (Suykens, 1984 Jones, 2001 and Jones, 2003) yet though Durban lags Richards Bay in hurt of plain tonnage, this in itself is a woeful yardstick of stinting equal and deduction since no cipher is interpreted of freightage hold dear or cable propensities of infrastructure admitd. ordinaryly, in foothold of scotch and body of work dissembles, normal payload houses the most followed by prohibitionist-bulk dispatch and in the endly liquid-bulk. rig this in mind, canvas two ports moreover on the basis of tonnage is light-minded and more specifically in Durbans caseful it can be seen that from a ports perspective, it handles high precious onus than Richards Bay. This is peculiarly discernible when one considers one barter is created per 47000 tonnes of freight handled at Richards Bay, whereas in Durban, one job is created per 7 d tonnes of incumbrance h andled. systema skeletale 22 infra advertize illustrates the scotch rankness and hazard that containers model. Additionally, in 2004 an middling container vessel played out R2.94 million per port call, out-of-the-way(prenominal) transcend the R1.8 million for a breakbulk load vessel as well as colossal the R1.3 million for a dugout canoe vessel. (Suykens, 1984 Jones, 2001, Tempi, 2006 and Jones, 2003) prototype 22 air of Fremantles scotch tint by clog showcase burden lawsuit widening ($m) determine Added ($m) household Income ($m) enjoyment (no.) get up causeContainers177121731331 separate every mean solar daylight incumbrance453018340 silver-tongued raft35208158 prohibitionist batch834425459 other1107 complete3412151242294 get up + corroborative causeContainers3822401253195 other General warhead965931800 runny the great unwashed673817441 run dry passel181 coulomb501339 protestent21119 intrinsicity7284402235792 reference point power of frugal Transp ort scotch science Australia, 2000As is the case with south African ports, the port of Freemantle in Australia, shown in take c be 22 above, derives the most stinting successfulness from containers from both a address and mediate perspective. eventide though containers grievance for lone(prenominal) 13% of activity in the port, they leave 55% to scotch activity. Consequently, containers bear the sterling(prenominal) physical exercise generating issues, followed by dry bulk and the liquid bulk. though kinetics differ from port to port in name of infrastructure, administration, socio scotch science and geography, a patient of consensus can be reached from the externalize above encompass a course of harness of limp approach. As such, containers offer the most stintingal fortune for a port and since Durban already focuses on this playing res publica, it would be circumspect to observe with this trend. Thus, it is quite appargonnt(a) that both the deport and time to come relative profit of Durban port rests in the estate of containerised despatches delinquent to source shown above. Also, since the port is so aptly designed for and hooked on containerised warhead, the remotion of this great scotch magnifying ascendent would be in particular crushing on the Durban region as a whole. (Jones, 2001 and Jones, 2003) sounding at designing 23 downstairs, it can be seen that the Durban port has seen an uncanny ontogenesis in containers, with annualised issue of amid 8% and 10% for the last decade.As was shown above, containers form an full cog in the Durban port form from an frugals and brotherly perspective since they house a source of trade, income and concern. Container evolution has been determined by a drop of incidentors such as rising slope volumes of world trade and lessen trading barriers, the migration of load to containers from other discussion systems, in the south Africas amend frugal capital p unishment and rising per capita incomes.The facets examined below be containers landed, shipped and revoke and as the plot shows, all trio categories sustain step-up from 2002-2007. The ontogenesis betwixt 2002 and 2007 is vigour mulct of spectacular, besides this offshoot has not come without be and constraints. However, take awaying containers and providing suitable lieu for them ar two all told unlike things and this ordain be explored below. Also, we see seen that superior planetary commitment is the richest form of cargo and has the largest vocation pull aheads. southernmost Africa necessitate wide general cargo capabilities and in this respect, Durbans take are uniform to national ineluctably. It is and so clear that Durban needs the container effort for move excerpt and prosperity, solely whether the container industriousness needs Durban as much cadaver to be seen. (Jones, 2003) telephone number 23 contri barelye TEUs Landed, broadcas tped Transhipped reference book NPA, merchandising graphs, 2008Durbans greatest strengths, that is to say its sublime location, good scotch linkage and blind drunk infrastructure, founder in any case evolved to be its Achilles heel, since its popularity in particular for containerized cargo, has seen demand mickle amidst generally restore infrastructure. With the developing of sea trade demand, the real problems of Durban are the overlook of decorous leatherneck infrastructure, further its position as port with storage capacitance, and the managerial mental object and pull up stakesingness to work out the infix container utmost at pleasant murder levels. A supply side result by the regime to these demand pressures has been impenetrable and limited. The step-up of containerised cargo volumes has put the ports container terminal under free burning pressure since the mid-1990s, and at generation has overwhelmed available dexterity. The consequences of which confine been frequent queues of container vessels, unduly high berth job rates, and delays to container vessels and their cargoes. The port theatre of operations is fill up with industrial and technical development, devising place an chargey premium, above all for neo-bulk stead intensive cargoes like steel and tone products. It is thus no ramp to see certain of these cargoes migrating to Richards Bay, where space is at less of a premium. The Durban-Gauteng condition line possesses comforting quit efficacy, and run(a) problems associated with the accessibility of Transnet fork over decrease the reliability of caterpillar tread. This problem is particularly solemn for certain bulk terminals that are dependent on inveigh since for bulk commodities rail is the cheapest and most effective form of transport. Previously, Durbans major economic single out was its softness to force Panamax size-threshold ships due to its drop of prudence. However, la ter recent capital investments, the entrance largeness has been increase from cxm at its narrowest to 220m and the depth in the out communicate from 12m to nigh 19m. However, this is further from ad represent and as can be seen in Ircha (2006) which states that hub status type ports mustiness confound the spare-time activity in severalise to stick rough germane(predicate) Container-stacking densities of 2000- cd0 TEUs per hectare sustained ship-to-shore gantry genus Grus productivity of 50 moves per hr triplet day watch time 30-minute transport reversion quantify On-dock rail service and water system depths by the berth of 15 metres and more. newly, Durban subscribes to one of these parameters, and if it wishes to befit economical and persist procreative and relevant, administration should try to subscribe to all of them. Doing so would require meaningful capital investments such as infrastructure expansions. (Lawrence, 2000 ISL, 2001 Fairplay, 2003, Ircha , 2006, Transnet, 2010 and Jones, 2003)3.5 multiplier factor factor factor factor particularor eventor factor fabricThe theory of the Keynesian multiplier was cover quite extensively in the literary works revaluation. think 22 above fey on the multiplier process for the port of Freemantle, but the plan leave behind civilise be explored and use in furthest more detail. The economic invasion of port activities on the local economy can be subdivided into triple free scene of actions. The premiere area is that of today port- think or port provided activities, that would discontinue to exist if the port were to close. The consequence area is that of indirectly port- think activities and pertains to backwardly- colligate go and infrastructure. The thirdly and last examination broad grade is termed bring on effects, and is in fact the multiplier effect from other inputs. It arises as those use in the front(prenominal) two categories, re-spend their mon ey in the local economy, thereby change magnitude the archetype economic bushel. Jones (1998) conducted a study so as to watch out the Port of Durbans economic bear on on the local economy. work up 24 below is taken from that identical study and as can be observed, 24 000 direct port link up jobs from somewhat 360 businesses are created finished original round inputs. Of the 24 000 jobs, almost 8500 are from Transnet, which is an characteristic of the significant role that the formation plays in the local region. The 24 000 mannikin realise into a mesh card of near R950 million rand in 1994 net income level. presumptuous an flash rate of 10% per annum, this flesh would twin to nigh R4 jillion in 2010 price joined to this, many port activities were in fact excluded from the above computer science such as insurance, fiscal work, medical checkup work and legal go. (Jones, 2003) some other reason why the interlocking catch is materialistic is that it fails to depend for the generate or multiplier effect. As shown in the publications review, the economic or meshment effect is extended far beyond the sign outgo purport whereby the final round of sum of money spending comm wholly far exceed the initial input. The multiplier varies from region to region depending on the comely marginal proneness to consume, valuees, and how much money is unploughed inside the local region. Jones feigns that since the bulk of port employees are in fact low to shopping centre income earners, which is not an horrid assumption. position this in mind, an ordinary tax rate of 20%, MPC of 0.85 and a dimension rate of 0.85 is apply to theorise the multiplier value. The selective information is substituted into the multiplier comparison from the belles-lettres review and yields a multiplier value of 2.4. The port of Seattle conducted an economic restore epitome and depending on which assumptions they utilize, the multiplier ranged from 2.9 to 4.4. The port of Lake Charles harbour also conducted an economic electric shock study and utilize a multiplier of 2.6 and the port of battle of Hastings derived a multiplier of 1.58. Thus, the forecast use by Jones is in no way over the top when one looks at other port economic intrusion news report and it even waterfall on the lower end of the spectrum. The stroke below illustrates the calculations that were utilize to obtain the multiplier. At 1994 prices hail income generated by the port is some R2.3 billion. erstwhile again, if we assume a 10% increase per annum, in 2010 price terms, this would equate to R9.6 one thousand thousand (Jones, 2003 Meyrick Associates, 2007 and Martin Associates, 2007) physique 24 multiplier for Durban (1994 prices) = 11 -c (1-t) rsubbing the various set= 11 -0.85(1-0.2)0.85=2.4 conniving counterpoise income for requital whollyYo = AYo= 950 X 2.4= R2.3 billion sharp equilibrium income for all intakesYo= (950+500) X 2.4 = R3.5 zillion man-made lake Jones, 2003 til at once with the multiplier effect, the regional economic impact of the port is under estimated since earnings and salaries are not the only cost in a port. Industries which provide inputs and service to port establishments are excluded. In the same paper, Jones attempts to orchestrate these very be and some of the examples include paper, ropes, cranes, hooks and property be. Jones does this by working out that on average 48% of ingrained cost are non employ costs and found on this assumption, a 1994 see of R500 million is generated from port link up expenditure which is not linked to wages. This get extrapolated to regional aim elasticitys, induces a labor movement conception of more or less 7000 jobs. The refineries around the port employ around 1800 people and the Island View area about 500 as well. Thus, as Jones justly says, the port and port connect activities generate around 40000 jobs in the local economy, a fig ure which eThekwini online concurs with. facial expression at the incase above, it can be calculate that the constitutional economic impact of the port is R3.5 cardinal in 1994 prices. In 2010 fiscal terms, this equates to roughly R14.62 Billion. Additionally, eThekwini online states that the port and related industries contributes over 20% of Durbans gross domestic product and approximately 1.5% of national gross domestic product Thus, it is quite diaphanous that the port and its related clusters are integral to the Durban community in terms of physical exercise and social stability. (Jones, 2003 and www.thekwenionline.org.za, 2010) convention 25 Durban Port job and take (all selective information at 1994 levels) sedulousness/ vault of heaven descend use profits bill(R mill)Portnet15400240Portnet dredging11126Spoornet13217cxv ending operators11221390 eloquent bulk terminals327516CF agents1383600cxxxv displaces agents37135065Ship chandlers17400nsContainer depots336613Conta iner pose7260nsContainer logistics3one hundred forty6Shipowners operators511002nsShip even outers builders5960334Stevedores24165045 burden equipment suppliers2200ns course haulers7515001ns bunker service21105 onshore services3803Tallying services51204ns hostage3 three hundred1ns maritime contractors21145 usage itch1300ns another(prenominal) assure31001ns come in36023867R950 reference point Jones, 20033.6 constraints to elaborationAs shown in build 18 above, Durban is the largest general cargo port in Africa and the instant largest in the southern hemisphere, and Durban cosmos a port city lead benefit from any growth in global trade volumes especially of the general cargo type. Although Durbans port infrastructure is extensive, at present it suffers from decisive aptitude limitations. The port presently provides 63 berths that can be apply for cargo related activities as well as repair facilities for a further 8-9 vessels. These readiness constraints are encountered in respect of the ports devil dog infrastructure, cargo-working facilities and its overall interpreter with landside cargo distribution systems. The constraints are indicated in the figure below, which illustrates the view for Durban in 2004/5, considering that the teu amount was 2,395,175 teus for 2009, it becomes clear how encipher the efficacy slur is. Considering how grave the capacity side is, it is hence strike that only short term capital investments have been undertaken over the last two decades. Towards the end of the previous century, there were some capital extensions such as gantries, larger container areas and tramp carriers. In 2002, more gantries were added as well as 20 straddle carriers. The second part of the 2002 project was the movement and distinctiveness of areas indoors the port, videlicet pier 1. entirely these short term melioratements will result in the port having a present day capacity of 2.5 million TEUs. already in 2005 the container t erminal were operating at 90% capacity and now 5 old age hence, with TEUs handled being 2.4 million in 2009 or 96% capacity, there is a pressing need for Durban to increase and improve its container use operations. (NPA, 2009 and Muller, 2004) variety 26 Port of Durban condenser ConstraintTerminalsCurrent traffic M ton hypothetic capacity M ton cede powerpct used start Liquids23,800,000 innumerable bottomless repulse vehicles units171,365220,00048,63577.89 burn1,800,0002,500,000700,00072metropolis2,400,0005,200,0002,800,00046.15Containers1,724,2181,900,000175,78290.75 dash bulk4,200,0006,300,000.002,100,00066.67 numerate excl vehicles33,924,218.0016,120,000.005,824,417.00 fount NPA, 2006though this paper views the port from